Physicians do not have the authority to pronounce individuals legally incompetent.Assessed by a court of law (with input from the patient's family and physicians as needed).Definition: the legal assessment of a patient's ability to freely make conscious decisions (including those regarding their care).The physician is also obligated to facilitate the transfer of care.The patient or their surrogate must be notified and have the ability (e.g., time, money) to establish care with another physician.Physicians are not obliged to treat a patient longitudinally and may end a doctor-patient relationship if they wish.Any hospital with an emergency department is required to screen for emergency medical conditions if requested and, if such a condition exists, provide treatment until that condition is stabilized.This law was established in the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act ( EMTALA ).A physician is legally obligated to treat a patient when failing to provide treatment would immediately endanger the patient's life.Frequently discussed in reference to drugs and surgical procedures.
May conflict with beneficence: The balance of risks and benefits must be favorable to the patient.Avoid causing injury or suffering to the patient.Advocate for the patient and act in their best interest (fiduciary relationship).Honor the patient's choices to accept or decline care.Provide sufficient information for the patient to be able to make their own decisions regarding their care (i.e., informed consent ).Ethical responsibilities usually align with legal precedence, but the two systems remain distinct.Ethical dilemmas arise when respecting one of these principles becomes impossible without compromising another.Medical ethics is founded on a set of core principles that are based on respect to patients as individuals.In addition to the core ethical principles that apply to medical research generally, specific guidelines are in place to ensure that research in vulnerable populations (e.g., pregnant individuals, children) is conducted ethically.įor more information on challenging clinical scenarios, see " Challenging clinical and ethical scenarios." For “End-of-life issues” and, specifically, “Life support,” see the article “ Death.” Medical ethics
JUSTICE ETHICAL PRINCIPLE DEFINITION PROFESSIONAL
External influence (e.g., payment from a pharmaceutical company) on a physician's decision-making process is considered a professional conflict of interest. Prior to medical interventions, patients should receive information on the options available, including the potential risks and benefits, in order to provide informed consent.
Physicians are legally and ethically obligated to keep patients' medical information confidential, and may only break this confidentiality in specific scenarios (e.g., if the patient has a reportable disease or they pose a threat to themself or others).
JUSTICE ETHICAL PRINCIPLE DEFINITION FULL
Patients have the right to full disclosure about their health, medical status, medical records, and involvement in research protocols. In most circumstances, a parent or guardian is required to make decisions for unemancipated minors exceptions include decisions related to reproductive health, mental health, and substance use disorders. A surrogate decision-maker may be appointed to make decisions for patients who lack decision-making capacity. Patients must demonstrate decision-making capacity in order to make decisions about their health care. The core ethical principles of medicine are autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Best medical practice is founded upon the ethical principles that guide health care providers who care for patients or perform research.
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